浅谈由传统制造到3d打印的转变 -利来国际w66

3d打印本质是增材制造（am）技术，依托计算机辅助设计（cad）、大数据、云计算、计算机辅助制造（cam）、物联网、虚拟现实（vr）等技术支撑，将数字化或电脑模型，通过逐层堆积的方式而直接形成3d物体的制造工艺。3d打印（增材制造）是制造业有代表性的颠覆性技术，集合了信息网络技术、先进材料技术与数字制造技术，是先进制造业的重要组成部分。

the essence of 3d printing is additive manufacturing (am) technology. relying on computer-aided design (cad), big data, cloud computing, computer-aided manufacturing (cam), internet of things, virtual reality (vr) and other technology support, it can directly construct 3d objects layer by layer with digital or computer models. 3d printing (additive manufacturing) is a representative and disruptive technology of manufacturing industry, which combines information and network technology, advanced material technology and digital manufacturing technology. it is an important part of advanced manufacturing industry.

与传统制造技术（减材制造、等材制造）相比，3d打印（增材制造）不需要事先制造模具，不必在制造过程中去除大量的材料，也不必通过复杂的锻造工艺就可以得到最终产品，具有“去模具、减废料、降库存”的特点。在生产上可以优化结构、节约材料和节省能源，极大地提升了制造效率，同时实现“设计引导制造”理念。

compared with traditional manufacturing technology (subtractive manufacturing and equal material manufacturing), 3d printing (additive manufacturing) does not require the prior manufacture of molds. more importantly, there is no need to remove a large number of materials in the manufacturing process or go through the complex forging process to obtain the final product. it possesses "de-molding, waste reduction, inventory reduction" characteristics. in production, we can optimize the structure, save materials and save energy, which has greatly improved manufacturing efficiency, while realizing the concept of "design-led manufacturing". 

增材制造
additive manufacturing

国际标准化组织辖下增材制造技术委员会发布iso/astm 52900：2015标准将增材制造技术分为7大类，分别是：立体光固化（sla）、粘结剂喷射(3dp)、定向能量沉积(ded)、薄材叠层（lom）、材料挤出(fdm)、材料喷射（ployjet）、粉末床熔融（slm、sls、ebm）。

the iso/astm 52900:2015 standard issued by the additive manufacturing technical committee classifies additive manufacturing technology into seven categories: stereolithography (sla), binder jetting (3dp), directional energy deposition (ded), thin material lamination (lom), material extrusion (fdm), material injection (ployjet), powder bed melting (slm, sls, ebm).

从产业链整体来看，3d打印上游涵盖激光器、振镜、三维扫描设备、3d打印软件、粉末原材料等；中游以3d打印设备生产厂商为主，部分也同时提供打印服务及原材料供应，在整个产业链中占据主导地位；下游行业应用已覆盖航天航空、汽车工业、船舶制造、能源动力、轨道交通、电子工业、模具制造、医疗健康、文化创意、建筑等各领域。

let’s take a look at the whole industrial chain. 3d printing upstream covers lasers, vibration mirrors, 3d scanning equipment, 3d printing software, powder raw materials, etc. 3d printing midstream dominates the entire industrial chain. it includes 3d printing equipment manufacturers mainly, as well as some printing service providers and raw material suppliers. 3d printing downstream has been applied in all fields including aerospace, automotive industry, shipbuilding, energy power, rail transportation, electronics industry, mold manufacturing, medical and health care, cultural creativity, architecture, etc.

sla快速成型

sla fast forming

sla是目前国内外最深入、应用最广泛的快速成形技术之一，其技术成熟度高，也经过了市场长时间的检验，具体优势如下： 无需切削工具与模具，加工速度快，产品生产周期短；可以加工结构外形复杂或使用传统手段难于成型的原型和模具；以三维数字模型为基础进行数字化3d打印，可降低设计错误造成的高额往复制作/修复的成本；相比fdm成型工艺，sla成型精度高，表面光滑平整、成型速度快。

sla is currently one of the most in-depth, widely used fast forming technology at home and abroad. its high technical maturity has undergone a trial of market for a long time. its specific advantages are as follows: no cutting tools or molds, fast processing speed and short production cycle. sla is able to process complex structures, as well as molds and prototypes which may not be formed by conventional methods. it has realized digital 3d printing based on 3d digital models, which can reduce the cost of replication/repair caused by design errors. compared to fdm molding process, sla offers high molding accuracy, smooth surface flatness and fast molding speed.

常用的sla材料/commonly used sla materials

sla材料为液体树脂，如浇注料或牙科树脂。下表总结了常用树脂的优缺点：

sla uses liquid resin as raw material, such as castable or dental resin. the following table summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of common resins: 

后处理/post-processing

sla模型可以通过各种后处理方法，如砂光、抛光、喷涂涂层和使用矿物油等，获得非常高的品质。

sla models can achieve very high quality through a variety of post-processing methods, such as sanding, polishing, coating and the use of mineral oils, etc.

sla的主要特点总结如下表：

main features of the sla are summarized in the following table:

近年来，随着3d打印产业的不断发展，sla光固化3d打印机型及光敏树脂造价的逐渐走低，成为制作工业原型、展示模型、动漫手办等应用的最理想的选择之一。

with the continuous development of 3d printing industry in recent years, price of both sla 3d printer and photosensitive resin has become gradually lower. it has been one of the most idea choices for industrial prototypes, display models, animation and other applications. 

未来趋势/future trend